/*--------------------------------------------------------------------
 *	$Id: gmt_io.c,v 1.3.4.2 2002/02/14 22:56:03 pwessel Exp $
 *
 *	Copyright (c) 1991-2002 by P. Wessel and W. H. F. Smith
 *	See COPYING file for copying and redistribution conditions.
 *
 *	This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *	it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *	the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
 *
 *	This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *	GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *	Contact info: gmt.soest.hawaii.edu
 *--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*
 * Table input/output in GMT can be either ascii or binary (where supported)
 * and ASCII tables may consist of single or multiple segments.  When the
 * latter is the case usually there is a -M option to signal this case.
 * The structure GMT_IO holds parameters that are used during the reading
 * and processing of ascii tables.  For compliance with a wide variety of
 * binary data formats for grids and their internal nesting the GMT_Z_IO
 * structure and associated functions are used (in xyz2grd and grd2xyz)
 *
 * The following functions are here:
 *
 *	GMT_fopen:		Open a file
 *	GMT_fclose:		Close a file
 *	GMT_io_init:		Init GMT_IO structure
 *	GMT_io_selection:	Decode the -b switch
 *	GMT_multisegment:	Decode the -M switch
 *	GMT_write_segmentheader	Write header record for multisegment files
 *	GMT_ascii_input:	Decode ascii input record
 *	GMT_scanf:		Robust scanf function with optional dd:mm:ss conversion
 *	GMT_bin_double_input:	Decode binary double precision record
 *	GMT_bin_float_input:	Decode binary single precision record
 *	GMT_ascii_output:	Write ascii record
 *	GMT_bin_double_output:	Write binary double precision record
 *	GMT_bin_float_output:	Write binary single precision record
 *	GMT_init_z_io:		Initialize GMT_Z_IO structure
 *	GMT_parse_z_io:		Parse the -Z switch
 *	GMT_set_z_io:		Set GMT_Z_IO structure based on -Z
 *	GMT_check_z_io:		Fill in implied missing row/column
 *	GMT_a_read:		Read 1 ascii item
 *	GMT_c_read:		Read 1 binary char item
 *	GMT_u_read:		Read 1 binary unsigned char item
 *	GMT_h_read:		Read 1 binary short int item
 *	GMT_H_read:		Read 1 binary unsigned short int item
 *	GMT_i_read:		Read 1 binary int item
 *	GMT_I_read:		Read 1 binary unsigned int item
 *	GMT_l_read:		Read 1 binary long int item
 *	GMT_f_read:		Read 1 binary float item
 *	GMT_d_read:		Read 1 binary double item
 *	GMT_a_write:		Write 1 ascii item
 *	GMT_c_write:		Write 1 binary char item
 *	GMT_u_write:		Write 1 binary unsigned char item
 *	GMT_h_write:		Write 1 binary short int item
 *	GMT_H_write:		Write 1 binary unsigned short int item
 *	GMT_i_write:		Write 1 binary int item
 *	GMT_I_write:		Write 1 binary unsigned int item
 *	GMT_l_write:		Write 1 binary long int item
 *	GMT_f_write:		Write 1 binary float item
 *	GMT_d_write:		Write 1 binary double item
 *	GMT_col_ij:		Convert index to column format
 *	GMT_row_ij:		Convert index to row format
 *
 * Author:	Paul Wessel
 * Date:	14-JUL-2000
 * Version:	3.4.1
 */
 
#include "gmt.h"

#define GMT_I_60	(1.0 / 60.0)	/* Convert minutes to degrees */
#define GMT_I_3600	(1.0 / 3600.0)	/* Convert seconds to degrees */

BOOLEAN GMT_do_swab = FALSE;	/* Used to indicate swab'ing during binary read */

int GMT_a_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_c_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_u_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_h_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_H_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_i_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_I_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_l_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_f_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_d_read (FILE *fp, double *d);
int GMT_a_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_c_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_u_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_h_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_H_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_i_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_I_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_l_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_f_write (FILE *fp, double d);
int GMT_d_write (FILE *fp, double d);
void GMT_col_ij (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, int ij, int *gmt_ij);
void GMT_row_ij (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, int ij, int *gmt_ij);
int GMT_ascii_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr);		/* Decode Ascii input records */
int GMT_bin_double_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr);	/* Decode binary double input records */
int GMT_bin_float_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr);	/* Decode binary float input records */
int GMT_ascii_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr);		/* Write Ascii output records */
int GMT_bin_double_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr);	/* Write binary double output records */
int GMT_bin_float_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr);	/* Write binary float output records */
void GMT_adjust_periodic ();					/* Add/sub 360 as appropriate */

/* Table I/O routines for ascii and binary io */

FILE *GMT_fopen (const char* filename, const char* mode)
{
        return (fopen (filename, mode));
}

int GMT_fclose (FILE *stream)
{
        return (fclose (stream));
}

void GMT_io_init (void)
{
	/* No need to init the structure as this is done in gmt_init.h directoy */
	
	GMT_input = GMT_input_ascii = GMT_ascii_input;
	GMT_output = GMT_ascii_output;

	GMT_io.give_report = TRUE;
	GMT_io.skip_bad_records = TRUE;
}

int GMT_io_selection (char *text)
{
	/* Syntax:	-b[i][o][s][d][#cols] */

	int i, id = 0;
	BOOLEAN i_or_o = FALSE, ok = TRUE, error = FALSE;

	for (i = 0; ok && text[i]; i++) {

		switch (text[i]) {

			case 'i':	/* Settings apply to input */
				id = 0;
				GMT_io.binary[id] = i_or_o = TRUE;
				break;
			case 'o':	/* Settings apply to output */
				id = 1;
				GMT_io.binary[id] = i_or_o = TRUE;
				break;
			case 's':	/* Single Precision */
				GMT_io.single_precision[id] = TRUE;
				break;
			case 'd':	/* Double Precision */
				GMT_io.single_precision[id] = FALSE;
				break;
			case '0':	/* Number of columns */
			case '1':
			case '2':
			case '3':
			case '4':
			case '5':
			case '6':
			case '7':
			case '8':
			case '9':
				GMT_io.ncol[id] = atoi (&text[i]);
				while (text[i] && isdigit ((int)text[i])) i++;
				i--;
				break;

			default:	/* Stop scanning */
				error = TRUE;
				fprintf (stderr, "%s: GMT Error: Malformed -b argument [%s]\n", GMT_program, text);
				break;
		}
	}

	if (!i_or_o) {	/* Specified neither i or o so let settings apply to both */
		GMT_io.binary[0] = GMT_io.binary[1] = TRUE;
		GMT_io.single_precision[1] = GMT_io.single_precision[0];
		GMT_io.ncol[1] = GMT_io.ncol[0];
	}

	if (GMT_io.binary[0]) {
		GMT_input  = (GMT_io.single_precision[0]) ? GMT_bin_float_input  : GMT_bin_double_input;
		strcpy (GMT_io.r_mode, "rb");
	}

	if (GMT_io.binary[1]) {
		GMT_output = (GMT_io.single_precision[1]) ? GMT_bin_float_output : GMT_bin_double_output;
		strcpy (GMT_io.w_mode, "wb");
	}

	return (error);
}


void GMT_multisegment (char *text)
{
	/* Turns multisegment on and sets flag, if given.
	 * flag is only used for ASCII data sets */

	GMT_io.multi_segments = TRUE;
	if (text[0]) GMT_io.EOF_flag = text[0];
}

int GMT_ascii_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr)
{
	char line[BUFSIZ], *p;
	int i, len, n_convert;
	BOOLEAN done = FALSE, bad_record;
	double val;
	
	/* GMT_ascii_input will skip blank lines and cshell comment lines which start
	 * with # except when -M# is used of course.  Fields may be separated by
	 * spaces, tabs, or commas.  The routine returns the actual
	 * number of items read [or 0 for segment header and -1 for EOF]
	 * If *n is passed as BUFSIZ it will be reset to the actual number of fields */

	while (!done) {

		/* First read until we get a non-blank, non-comment record or reach EOF */

		GMT_io.rec_no++;
		while ((p = fgets (line, BUFSIZ, fp)) && (line[0] == '\n' || (line[0] == '#' && GMT_io.EOF_flag != '#'))) GMT_io.rec_no++;

		if (!p) {
			GMT_io.status = GMT_IO_EOF;
			if (GMT_io.give_report && GMT_io.n_bad_records) {	/* Report summary and reset */
				fprintf (stderr, "%s: This file had %d records with invalid x and/or y values\n", GMT_program, GMT_io.n_bad_records);
				GMT_io.n_bad_records = GMT_io.rec_no = 0;
			}
			return (-1);
		}

		if (GMT_io.multi_segments && line[0] == GMT_io.EOF_flag) {
			GMT_io.status = GMT_IO_SEGMENT_HEADER;
			strcpy (GMT_io.segment_header, line);
			return (0);
		}

		/* Normal data record */

		/* First chop off trailing whitespace and commas */

		len = strlen (line);
#ifndef _WIN32
		if (len >= (BUFSIZ-1)) {
			fprintf (stderr, "%s: This file appears to be in DOS format - reformat with dos2unix\n", GMT_program);
			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
#endif
			
		for (i = len - 1; i >= 0 && strchr (" \t,\n", (int)line[i]); i--);
		line[++i] = '\n';	line[++i] = '\0';
 
		bad_record = FALSE;
		strcpy (GMT_io.current_record, line);
		line[i-1] = '\0';	/* Chop off newline */
		p = strtok(line, " \t,");
		i = 0;
		while (!bad_record && p && i < *n) {
			if ((n_convert = GMT_scanf (p, &val)) == 1) {	/* Decoded string to a number */
				GMT_data[i] = val;
			}
			else {
				GMT_data[i] = GMT_d_NaN;
				if (i < 2) bad_record = TRUE;	/* If x and/or y is NaN then set bad */
			} 
			p = strtok(CNULL, " \t,");
			i++;
		}
		if (GMT_io.skip_bad_records && bad_record) {
			GMT_io.n_bad_records++;
			if (GMT_io.give_report && (GMT_io.n_bad_records == 1)) {	/* Report 1st occurence */
				fprintf (stderr, "%s: Encountered first invalid x and/or y values near record # %d\n", GMT_program, GMT_io.rec_no);
			}
		}
		else
			done = TRUE;
	}
	*ptr = GMT_data;
	GMT_io.status = (i == *n || *n == BUFSIZ) ? 0 : GMT_IO_MISMATCH;
	if (*n == BUFSIZ) *n = i;

	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (GMT_data[0], GMT_data[1]);	/* Got lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	if (GMT_geographic_in) {
		GMT_adjust_periodic ();	/* Must account for periodicity in 360 */
	}
	
	return (i);
}

int GMT_scanf (char *p, double *val)
{
	/* Converts text to double if certain conditions are met:
	   p must be of the form [+|-][0-9][.][0-9][E|e|D|e][+|-][0-9] OR [+|-][dd:mm[:ss][WESN]
	   If it is the former we look for d or D which is FORTRASH
	   for exponent and convert to e and then call atof.  If it
	   is the latter we do a straight conversion.
	*/
	int i, k, c, colons, suffix;
	BOOLEAN error, period, exponent, sign, flip_sign;
	double degree, minute, second;

	for (i = colons = 0; p[i]; i++) if (p[i] == ':') colons++;	/* Colons indicate dd:mm:ss format */
	k = --i;
	c = (int)p[k];		/* Last character in string */
	suffix = toupper (c);	/* Last character in string, forced upper case */
	
	if (colons == 0) {	/* Regular ASCII representation of an integer or floating point number */
		if (suffix == 'W' || suffix == 'S') {	/* Sign was given implicitly as -ve */
			p[k] = 0;	/* Temporarily hide the suffix - will restore below */
			flip_sign = TRUE;
		}
		else if (suffix == 'E' || suffix == 'N') {	/* Sign was given implicitly as +ve */
			p[k] = 0;	/* Temporarily hide the suffix - will restore below */
			flip_sign = FALSE;
		}
		else	/* No suffix or unrecognized suffix */
			flip_sign = FALSE;
			
		i = 0;					/* Reset to 1st character */
		while (p[i] == ' ') i++;		/* Skip leading blanks */
		if (p[i] == '-' || p[i] == '+') i++;	/* Leading sign is OK */
		error = period = exponent = sign = FALSE;
		while (p[i] && !error) {
			if (p[i] == '.') {	/* One period is OK */
				if (period) error = TRUE;
				period = TRUE;
			}
			else if (p[i] == 'D' || p[i] == 'd') {	/* Fortran Double Precision Fix */
				p[i] = 'e';	/* 'd' is not understood outside Fortran i/o */
				if (exponent) error = TRUE;
				exponent = TRUE;
			}
			else if (p[i] == 'E' || p[i] == 'e') {	/* Normal exponentional notation */
				if (exponent) error = TRUE;
				exponent = TRUE;
			}
			else if (p[i] == '-' || p[i] == '+') {	/* One more sign only ok after exponential */
				if (sign || !exponent) error = TRUE;
				sign = TRUE;
			}
			else if (p[i] < '0' || p[i] > '9')	/* Other non-digits are not allowed */
				error = TRUE;
			i++;
		}
		if (error) return (0);	/* Failed format check */
		*val = atof (p);	/* Safe to convert */
		if (flip_sign) {	/* Flip sign and restore missing suffix in text string */
			*val = -(*val);
			p[k] = suffix;
		}
			
		return (1);
	}

	/* Here we know we need to deal with dd:mm[:ss] strings */
	
	if (colons == 2) {	/* dd:mm:ss format */
		sscanf (p, "%lf:%lf:%lf", &degree, &minute, &second);
		if (suffix == 'W' || suffix == 'w' || suffix == 'S' || suffix == 's') degree = -degree;	/* Sign was given implicitly */
		*val = degree + copysign (minute * GMT_I_60 + second * GMT_I_3600, degree);
	}
	else if (colons == 1) {	/* dd:mm format */
		sscanf (p, "%lf:%lf", &degree, &minute);
		if (suffix == 'W' || suffix == 'w' || suffix == 'S' || suffix == 's') degree = -degree;	/* Sign was given implicitly */
		*val = degree + copysign (minute * GMT_I_60, degree);
	}
	else	/* Unrecognized */
		return (0);

	return (1);
}

char *GMT_fgets (char *record, int maxlength, FILE *fp)
{
	return (fgets (record, maxlength, fp));
}


int GMT_bin_double_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr)
{
	int n_read;

	GMT_io.status = 0;
	if ((n_read = fread ((void *) GMT_data, sizeof (double), (size_t)(*n), fp)) != (*n)) {
		GMT_io.status = (feof (fp)) ? GMT_IO_EOF : GMT_IO_MISMATCH;
	}

	*ptr = GMT_data;

	/* Read ok, how about multisegment? */

	if (!GMT_io.status && GMT_io.multi_segments) {	/* Must have n_read NaNs */
		int i;
		BOOLEAN is_bad = TRUE;
		for (i = 0; i < n_read && is_bad; i++) is_bad = GMT_is_dnan (GMT_data[i]);
		if (is_bad) {
			GMT_io.status = GMT_IO_SEGMENT_HEADER;
			strcpy (GMT_io.segment_header, "> Binary multisegment header\n");
			return (0);
		}
	}
	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (GMT_data[0], GMT_data[1]);	/* Got lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	if (GMT_geographic_in) {
		GMT_adjust_periodic ();	/* Must account for periodicity in 360 */
	}

	return (n_read);
}
	

int GMT_bin_float_input (FILE *fp, int *n, double **ptr)
{
	int i, n_read;
	static float GMT_f[BUFSIZ];
	
	GMT_io.status = 0;
	if ((n_read = fread ((void *) GMT_f, sizeof (float), (size_t)(*n), fp)) != (*n)) {
		GMT_io.status = (feof (fp)) ? GMT_IO_EOF : GMT_IO_MISMATCH;
	}
	else {
		for (i = 0; i < n_read; i++) GMT_data[i] = (double)GMT_f[i];
	}

	*ptr = GMT_data;

	/* Read ok, how about multisegment? */

	if (!GMT_io.status && GMT_io.multi_segments) {	/* Must have n_read NaNs */
		BOOLEAN is_bad = TRUE;
		for (i = 0; i < n_read && is_bad; i++) is_bad = GMT_is_dnan (GMT_data[i]);
		if (is_bad) {
			GMT_io.status = GMT_IO_SEGMENT_HEADER;
			strcpy (GMT_io.segment_header, "> Binary multisegment header\n");
			return (0);
		}
	}
	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (GMT_data[0], GMT_data[1]);	/* Got lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	if (GMT_geographic_in) {
		GMT_adjust_periodic ();	/* Must account for periodicity in 360 */
	}

	return (n_read);
}

void GMT_adjust_periodic (void) {
	/* while (GMT_data[0] > project_info.e) GMT_data[0] -= 360.0;
	while (GMT_data[0] < project_info.w) GMT_data[0] += 360.0; */
	while (GMT_data[0] > project_info.e && (GMT_data[0] - 360.0) >= project_info.w) GMT_data[0] -= 360.0;
	while (GMT_data[0] < project_info.w && (GMT_data[0] + 360.0) <= project_info.w) GMT_data[0] += 360.0;
	/* If data is not inside the given range it will satisfy (lon > east) */
	/* Now it will be outside the region on the same side it started out at */
}
	
int GMT_ascii_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr)
{
	int i, e = 0, wn = 0;
	
	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (ptr[0], ptr[1]);	/* Write lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	n--;
	for (i = 0; i < n && e >= 0; i++) {
		(GMT_is_dnan (ptr[i])) ? (e = fprintf (fp, "NaN\t")) : (e = fprintf (fp, gmtdefs.d_format, ptr[i]), putc ('\t', fp));
		wn += e;
	}
	(GMT_is_dnan (ptr[n])) ? (e = fprintf (fp, "NaN\n")) : (e = fprintf (fp, gmtdefs.d_format, ptr[n]), putc ('\n', fp));
	wn += e;
	return ((e < 0) ? e : wn);
}

int GMT_bin_double_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr)
{
	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (ptr[0], ptr[1]);	/* Write lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	return (fwrite ((void *) ptr, sizeof (double), (size_t)n, fp));
}
	
int GMT_bin_float_output (FILE *fp, int n, double *ptr)
{
	int i;
	static float GMT_f[BUFSIZ];
	
	if (gmtdefs.xy_toggle) d_swap (ptr[0], ptr[1]);	/* Write lat/lon instead of lon/lat */
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) GMT_f[i] = (float)ptr[i];
	return (fwrite ((void *) GMT_f, sizeof (float), (size_t)n, fp));
}

void GMT_write_segmentheader (FILE *fp, int n)
{
	/* Output ASCII or binary multisegment header */

	int i;
	if (GMT_io.binary[1])
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) GMT_output (fp, 1, &GMT_d_NaN);
	else
		fprintf (fp, "%s", GMT_io.segment_header);
}
		
void GMT_init_z_io (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, BOOLEAN input)
{
	memset ((void *) r, 0, sizeof (struct GMT_Z_IO));

	r->input = input;

	/* Set default format if no arguments are given to be TLf */

	if (input)
		r->read_item = GMT_a_read;
	else
		r->write_item = GMT_a_write;
	r->binary = FALSE;
	r->format = GMT_ROW_FORMAT;
	r->y_step = r->x_step = 1;
}

int GMT_parse_z_io (char *txt, struct GMT_Z_IO *r, BOOLEAN input)
{
	BOOLEAN first = TRUE;
	int i;

	/* BOOLEAN input:  currently unused */

	for (i = 0; txt[i]; i++) {	/* Loop over flags */

		switch (txt[i]) {

			/* These 4 cases will set the format orientation for input */

			case 'T':
				if (first) r->format = GMT_ROW_FORMAT;
				r->y_step = 1;
				first = FALSE;
				break;

			case 'B':
				if (first) r->format = GMT_ROW_FORMAT;
				r->y_step = -1;
				first = FALSE;
				break;

			case 'L':
				if (first)r->format = GMT_COLUMN_FORMAT;
				r->x_step = 1;
				first = FALSE;
				break;

			case 'R':
				if (first)r->format = GMT_COLUMN_FORMAT;
				r->x_step = -1;
				first = FALSE;
				break;

			/* Set this if file is periodic, is grid registrered, but repeating column or row is missing from input */

			case 'x':
				r->x_missing = 1;
				break;

			case 'y':
				r->y_missing = 1;
				break;

			/* Optionally skip the given number of bytes before reading data */

			case 's':
				i++;
				if (txt[i]) {
					r->skip = atoi (&txt[i]);
					while (txt[i] && isdigit ((int)txt[i])) i++;
					i--;
				}
				break;

			case 'w':
				r->swab = TRUE;
				break;

			/* Set read pointer depending on data format */

			case 'a':	/* ASCII */
				r->read_item = GMT_a_read;	r->write_item = GMT_a_write;
				r->binary = FALSE;
				break;

			case 'c':	/* Binary signed char */
				r->read_item = GMT_c_read; 	r->write_item = GMT_c_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'u':	/* Binary unsigned char */
				r->read_item = GMT_u_read; 	r->write_item = GMT_u_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'h':	/* Binary short 2-byte integer */
				r->read_item = GMT_h_read; 	r->write_item = GMT_h_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'H':	/* Binary unsigned short 2-byte integer */
				r->read_item = GMT_H_read;	r->write_item = GMT_H_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'i':	/* Binary 4-byte integer */
				r->read_item = GMT_i_read;	r->write_item = GMT_i_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'I':	/* Binary 4-byte unsigned integer */
				r->read_item = GMT_I_read;	r->write_item = GMT_I_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'l':	/* Binary 4(or8)-byte integer, machine dependent! */
				r->read_item = GMT_l_read;	r->write_item = GMT_l_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'f':	/* Binary 4-byte float */
				r->read_item = GMT_f_read;	r->write_item = GMT_f_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;

			case 'd':	/* Binary 8-byte double */
				r->read_item = GMT_d_read;	r->write_item = GMT_d_write;
				r->binary = TRUE;
				break;


			default:
				fprintf (stderr, "%s: GMT SYNTAX ERROR -Z: %c not a valid modifier!\n", GMT_program, txt[i]);
				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
				break;
		}
	}

	if (r->binary) {
		strcpy (GMT_io.r_mode, "rb");
		strcpy (GMT_io.w_mode, "wb");
	}

	return (FALSE);
}

void GMT_set_z_io (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, struct GRD_HEADER *h)
{
	if ((r->x_missing || r->y_missing) && h->node_offset == 1) {
		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Pixel format grids do not have repeating rows or columns!\n", GMT_program);
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	r->start_col = (r->x_step == 1) ? 0 : h->nx - 1 - r->x_missing;
	r->start_row = (r->y_step == 1) ? r->y_missing : h->ny - 1;
	r->get_gmt_ij = (r->format == GMT_COLUMN_FORMAT) ? GMT_col_ij : GMT_row_ij;
	r->nx = h->nx;
	r->ny = h->ny;
	r->x_period = h->nx - r->x_missing;
	r->y_period = h->ny - r->y_missing;
	r->n_expected = r->x_period * r->y_period;
	GMT_do_swab = r->swab;
}

void GMT_check_z_io (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, float *a)
{
	/* Routine to fill in the implied periodic row or column that was missing */

	int i, j, k;

	if (r->x_missing) for (j = 0; j < r->ny; j++) a[(j+1)*r->nx-1] = a[j*r->nx];
	if (r->y_missing) for (i = 0, k = (r->ny-1)*r->nx; i < r->nx; i++) a[i] = a[k+i];
}

int GMT_a_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	char line[64];
	if (fgets (line, 64, fp)) {
		*d = (line[0] == 'N' || line[0] == 'n') ? GMT_d_NaN : atof (line);
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_c_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	char c;
	if (fread ((void *)&c, sizeof (char), 1, fp)) {
		*d = (double) c;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_u_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	unsigned char u;
	if (fread ((void *)&u, sizeof (unsigned char), 1, fp)) {
		*d = (double) u;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_h_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	short int h;
	if (fread ((void *)&h, sizeof (short int), 1, fp)) {
		if (GMT_do_swab) h = GMT_swab2 (h);
		*d = (double) h;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_H_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	unsigned short int h;
	if (fread ((void *)&h, sizeof (unsigned short int), 1, fp)) {
		*d = (double) ((GMT_do_swab) ? GMT_swab2 (h) : h);
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_i_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	int i;
	if (fread ((void *)&i, sizeof (int), 1, fp)) {
		if (GMT_do_swab) i = GMT_swab4 (i);
		*d = (double) i;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_I_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	unsigned int i;
	if (fread ((void *)&i, sizeof (unsigned int), 1, fp)) {
		*d = (double) ((GMT_do_swab) ? GMT_swab4 (i) : i);
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_l_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	long int l;
	if (fread ((void *)&l, sizeof (long int), 1, fp)) {
		if (GMT_do_swab) {
			unsigned int *i, k;
			i = (unsigned int *)&l;
			for (k = 0; k < sizeof (long int)/4; k++) i[k] = GMT_swab4 (i[k]);
		}
		*d = (double) l;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_f_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	float f;
	if (fread ((void *)&f, sizeof (float), 1, fp)) {
		if (GMT_do_swab) {
			unsigned int *i;
			i = (unsigned int *)&f;
			*i = GMT_swab4 (*i);
		}
		*d = (double) f;
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_d_read (FILE *fp, double *d)
{
	if (fread ((void *)d, sizeof (double), 1, fp)) {
		if (GMT_do_swab) {
			unsigned int *i, j;
			i = (unsigned int *)d;
			j = GMT_swab4 (i[0]);
			i[0] = GMT_swab4 (i[1]);
			i[1] = j;
		}
		return (1);
	}
	return (0);
}

int GMT_a_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	int n = 0;
	n = (GMT_is_dnan (d)) ? fprintf (fp, "NaN") : fprintf (fp, gmtdefs.d_format, d);
	fprintf (fp, "\n"); 
	return (n);
}

int GMT_c_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	char c;
	c = (char) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&c, sizeof (char), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_u_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	unsigned char u;
	u = (unsigned char) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&u, sizeof (unsigned char), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_h_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	short int h;
	h = (short int) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&h, sizeof (short int), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_H_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	unsigned short int h;
	h = (unsigned short int) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&h, sizeof (unsigned short int), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_i_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	int i;
	i = (int) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&i, sizeof (int), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_I_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	unsigned int i;
	i = (unsigned int) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&i, sizeof (unsigned int), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_l_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	long int l;
	l = (long int) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&l, sizeof (long int), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_f_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	float f;
	f = (float) d;
	return (fwrite ((void *)&f, sizeof (float), (size_t)1, fp));
}

int GMT_d_write (FILE *fp, double d)
{
	return (fwrite ((void *)&d, sizeof (double), (size_t)1, fp));
}

void GMT_col_ij (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, int ij, int *gmt_ij)
{
	/* Translates incoming ij to gmt_ij for column-structured data */

	r->gmt_j = r->start_row + r->y_step * (ij % r->y_period);
	r->gmt_i = r->start_col + r->x_step * (ij / r->y_period);

	*gmt_ij = r->gmt_j * r->nx + r->gmt_i;
}

void GMT_row_ij (struct GMT_Z_IO *r, int ij, int *gmt_ij)
{

	/* Translates incoming ij to gmt_ij for row-structured data */

	r->gmt_j = r->start_row + r->y_step * (ij / r->x_period);
	r->gmt_i = r->start_col + r->x_step * (ij % r->x_period);

	*gmt_ij = r->gmt_j * r->nx + r->gmt_i;
}