# This function returns 1 if every element of its argument is true
# (nonzero if numeric or nonzero length if character) and 0
# otherwise.  The argument must be a scalar, vector, or matrix.

all = function (x)
{
  if (class(x) == "scalar")
  {
    return x != 0;
  else
    return !test(!x) & test(shape(x));
  }
};