(*  Title:      ZF/ex/twos-compl.ML
    ID:         $Id: twos_compl.ML,v 1.1 1998/09/22 11:49:26 paulson Exp $
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
    Copyright   1993  University of Cambridge

ML code for Arithmetic on binary integers; the model for theory Bin

   The sign Pls stands for an infinite string of leading 0s.
   The sign Min stands for an infinite string of leading 1s.

See int_of_binary for the numerical interpretation.  A number can have
multiple representations, namely leading 0s with sign Pls and leading 1s with
sign Min.  A number is in NORMAL FORM if it has no such extra bits.

The representation expects that (m mod 2) is 0 or 1, even if m is negative;
For instance, ~5 div 2 = ~3 and ~5 mod 2 = 1; thus ~5 = (~3)*2 + 1

Still needs division!

print_depth 40;
System.Control.Print.printDepth := 350; 
*)

infix 5 $$ $$$

(*Recursive datatype of binary integers*)
datatype bin = Pls | Min | $$ of bin * int;

(** Conversions between bin and int **)

fun int_of_binary Pls = 0
  | int_of_binary Min = ~1
  | int_of_binary (w$$b) = 2 * int_of_binary w + b;

fun binary_of_int 0 = Pls
  | binary_of_int ~1 = Min
  | binary_of_int n = binary_of_int (n div 2) $$ (n mod 2);

(*** Addition ***)

(*Attach a bit while preserving the normal form.  Cases left as default
  are Pls$$$1 and Min$$$0. *)
fun  Pls $$$ 0 = Pls
  | Min $$$ 1 = Min
  |     v $$$ x = v$$x;

(*Successor of an integer, assumed to be in normal form.
  If w$$1 is normal then w is not Min, so bin_succ(w) $$ 0 is normal.
  But Min$$0 is normal while Min$$1 is not.*)
fun bin_succ Pls = Pls$$1
  | bin_succ Min = Pls
  | bin_succ (w$$1) = bin_succ(w) $$ 0
  | bin_succ (w$$0) = w $$$ 1;

(*Predecessor of an integer, assumed to be in normal form.
  If w$$0 is normal then w is not Pls, so bin_pred(w) $$ 1 is normal.
  But Pls$$1 is normal while Pls$$0 is not.*)
fun bin_pred Pls = Min
  | bin_pred Min = Min$$0
  | bin_pred (w$$1) = w $$$ 0
  | bin_pred (w$$0) = bin_pred(w) $$ 1;

(*Sum of two binary integers in normal form.  
  Ensure last $$ preserves normal form! *)
fun bin_add (Pls, w) = w
  | bin_add (Min, w) = bin_pred w
  | bin_add (v$$x, Pls) = v$$x
  | bin_add (v$$x, Min) = bin_pred (v$$x)
  | bin_add (v$$x, w$$y) = 
      bin_add(v, if x+y=2 then bin_succ w else w) $$$ ((x+y) mod 2);

(*** Subtraction ***)

(*Unary minus*)
fun bin_minus Pls = Pls
  | bin_minus Min = Pls$$1
  | bin_minus (w$$1) = bin_pred (bin_minus(w) $$$ 0)
  | bin_minus (w$$0) = bin_minus(w) $$ 0;

(*** Multiplication ***)

(*product of two bins; a factor of 0 might cause leading 0s in result*)
fun bin_mult (Pls, _) = Pls
  | bin_mult (Min, v) = bin_minus v
  | bin_mult (w$$1, v) = bin_add(bin_mult(w,v) $$$ 0,  v)
  | bin_mult (w$$0, v) = bin_mult(w,v) $$$ 0;

(*** Testing ***)

(*tests addition*)
fun checksum m n =
    let val wm = binary_of_int m
        and wn = binary_of_int n
        val wsum = bin_add(wm,wn)
    in  if m+n = int_of_binary wsum then (wm, wn, wsum, m+n)
        else raise Match
    end;

fun bfact n = if n=0 then  Pls$$1  
              else  bin_mult(binary_of_int n, bfact(n-1));

(*Examples...
bfact 5;
int_of_binary it;
bfact 69;
int_of_binary it;

(*For {HOL,ZF}/ex/BinEx.ML*)
bin_add(binary_of_int 13, binary_of_int 19);
bin_add(binary_of_int 1234, binary_of_int 5678);
bin_add(binary_of_int 1359, binary_of_int ~2468);
bin_add(binary_of_int 93746, binary_of_int ~46375);
bin_minus(binary_of_int 65745);
bin_minus(binary_of_int ~54321);
bin_mult(binary_of_int 13, binary_of_int 19);
bin_mult(binary_of_int ~84, binary_of_int 51);
bin_mult(binary_of_int 255, binary_of_int 255);
bin_mult(binary_of_int 1359, binary_of_int ~2468);


(*leading zeros??*)
bin_add(binary_of_int 1234, binary_of_int ~1234);
bin_mult(binary_of_int 1234, Pls);

(*leading ones??*)
bin_add(binary_of_int 1, binary_of_int ~2);
bin_add(binary_of_int 1234, binary_of_int ~1235);
*)