% Welcome!
% 
% This notebook introduces you to the basic facts about
% EULER. You can execute the commands in this notebook
% one by one. Just press the Enter key, each time the cursor
% is on a command. The command will execute, you can see
% the output and the cursor advances to the next command.
% 
% You can page up with the scrollbar or with the page up key,
% if you want to revisit old output.
% 
% EULER works like a calculator. You can enter a formula
% and it will be evaluated.
>(1+1/1000)^1000
% EULER knows of many mathematical functions. Look into
% the on-line help or the documentation.
% 
% You may assign values to variables and use them later.
>a=1.1; a^3+a/(a-1)
% If a command is followed by a semicolon (;), EULER
% does not print its output. You can enter more than one
% command in a line. There are in fact two basic commands:
% assignments and expressions. There is a third type:
% Built-in commands. We will meet this type later.
% 
% You can enter a vector into EULER.
>v=[1;2;3]
% Or a matrix.
>M=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
% You may then multiply the matrix and the vector.
% EULER used the dot for the matrix product.
>M.v
% EULER can handle vectors very well. There are lots of
% commands, which generate a vector. One of them is
% the : command.
>1:10
% We can use it to generate a table of x values.
% This time, we surpress the output of the 201
% entries of the vector x.
>x=-1:0.01:1;
% One principle of EULER is that all functions are
% applied to every element of a vector.
>sqrt(1:10)
% So we can easily generate a table of y values.
>y=x^3-x;
% This makes it possible to plot the values of the function x^3-x.
>xplot(x,y);
% The plot disappears as soon as EULER has to print
% text to the text window. So press the TAB key to
% see the plot.
% 
% You could set the plot window, or give the plot a
% title.
>setplot(-2,2,-2,2); xplot(x,y); title("First plot"); wait(20)
% You can also use the fplot routine, which takes a function
% name or an expression in the variable x as first argument.
>fplot("x^3-x",-1,1);
% Many other function support this style. fmax finds the
% point, where the maximum of a convex function in a given
% interval is obtained.
>fmax("x^3-x",-1,0)
% Another examples is the Romberg method, which computes
% the integral of a function.
>romberg("x^3-x",0,1)
% You can also easily program new functions in EULER.
% Please, enter the following lines one by one.
>function f(x)
$return 1/((x-0.3)^2+0.01)+1/((x-0.9)^2+0.04)-6;
$endfunction
% We can then plot the function using fplot.
>fplot("f",0,2); wait(20);
% It may be easier to use an expression in x. We could
% assign it to a variable first.
>expr="1/((x-0.3)^2+0.01)+1/((x-0.9)^2+0.04)-6";
% The we use this expression string with fplot.
>fplot(expr,0,2); wait(20);
% Or we could integrate the function over [0,2] using
% Romberg's method. We increase the accuracy for this.
>longformat; romberg("f",0,2)
% Let us compare the result with another method. We use
% Gauss quadrature with 10 subintervals and 20 knots in
% each subinterval.
>gauss("f",0,2,20)
% The simpson method if far less efficient.
>simpson("f",0,2,200)
% Note that f has a zero close to 1.2. We find this
% zero with the secant method.
>secant("f",1,2)
% Let us use the bisection method and compare the result.
>bisect("f",1,2)
% EULER can do a lot of linear algebra. First let us define
% a matrix with random entries, equally distributed in
% [0,1].
>A=random(5,5)
% We can compute the inverse.
>inv(A)
% Let us check it.
>totalmax(A.inv(A)-id(5))
% Or the eigenvalues.
>eigenvalues(A)
% How about the condition number?
>max(abs(eigenvalues(A)))/min(abs(eigenvalues(A)))
% Let us put it into a function.
>function condition (A)
$e=abs(eigenvalues(A));
$return max(e)/min(e);
$endfunction
% Test it.
>condition(A)
% The condition number of the 5x5 Hilbert matrix.
>condition(hilb(5))
% Compute the Eigenvalues and the Eigenvectors.
>{l,H}=eigen(A);
% Check if A.h=l*h for each column of H and corresponding
% l.
>totalmax(abs(A.H-dup(l,5)*H))
% Three-dimensional plots can be easily created with f3dplot.
% Let us call reset, so that the default view is applied.
>reset; f3dplot("x*y"); wait(20);
>