############################################################################# # Aspell phonetics for Irish, by Kevin Scannell # Copyright 2002, 2003 Kevin P. Scannell # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ############################################################################# version 2.0 followup 0 # else breaks QU^, e.g. collapse_result 1 # no double letters in resulting strings ANBHANN----- *N* # epenthetic vowel, anbhanna? only, see NBH-- ANBHAIN----- *N* # epenthetic vowel, anbhainne? only, see NBH-- AERGA-- *R # epenthetic exception, see RG, aerga only AORG- *R # epenthetic exception, see RG, [ms]aorg*, etc. AEILG- *L # epenthetic exception, Gaeilge* only, see LG AILBH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel, [bcs]ailbh* only, see LBH-- ALBHÁD---- *L # galbhád only, next few are exceptions to ALBH ALBHÁID----- *L # galbháid only (coinnealbháidís, etc. b4) ALBHR--- *L # pobalbhreith, galbhruith, etc. except. to next ALBH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel ARBHÁD---- *R # mótarbhád only, exception to ARBH epenth. ARBHÁID----- *R # mótarbháid only, " " " " ARBHUIL----- *R # epenth. exception, garbhuille only, cuarbh* b4 ARBHUA---- *R # epenth. exception, eadarbhuas* only ARBHIN---- *R* # exception to next, marbhintinn* only ARBH(EI)--- *R # epenthetic exception to next, *tarbhealach, etc. ARBH-- *R* # epenthetic, garbh, dearbh, etc. - [IU]ARBH b4 ATHFH(ÁÉÓAEIOU)--- *H # athfhill,uathfheidhmeach,etc.-exception to next ATH(BCDFGLMNPRST)- * # athlas, mionathrú, etc. - exception to TH->H ADH * # bladhm, feadhain, tadhall, adhmad, -adh$, etc. AGHI--- * # exception to AGH, corraghiob only AGHLOIN------ * # " " ", pleicseaghl- only (not aghloit) AGH * # slaghdán, treaghd, saghas, etc. AOMH(FLNST)--- * # faomh[ft]-,caomhn*,naomh* only, OMH exception A * ÁIRG- *R # epenthetic exception, see RG, táirg*, etc. ÁDHU--- * # pádhuille only, exception to next ÁDH * # ádhúil, -ádh$ only ÁTHFH-- *H # táthfhéithleann, gnáthfh- only exception to next ÁTH(BCDFGLMNPRST)- * # fáthscéal, gnáth*, bláthfhleasc, etc. Á * BANBH^$ B*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH--, banbh, not -arún BHANBH^$ V*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH-- BAINBH^$ B*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH--, bainbh only BHAINBH^$ V*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH-- BH V # includes bh$, eclipsis of F via collapsing B B # note eclipsis of P via collapsing CHÉADFAÍ--$ K*TV # exception to FAÍ$, (bréag|do|mí) CHEARCH-- K*R* # epenthetic vowel, chearchaill only CEARCH-- K*R* # epenthetic vowel, g?cearchaill only CHONF K*N*V # epenthetic vowel,no dash=>handles FAI?DH$excepts CONF K*N*V # " " " " " " " CANBH-- K*N* # epenthetic vowel, see NBH--, g?canbhás* only CHANBH-- K*N* # epenthetic vowel, see NBH--, chanbhás* only COLBHA--- K*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LBH--, g?colbhaí? only CHOLBHA--- K*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LBH--, cholbhaí? only CURF K*RV # exception to FÁ$, g?curfá(nna) only CHURF K*RV # exception to FÁ$, churfá(nna) only CH K # OK C K DHORCH-- K*R* # epenthetic vowel, dorcha root only DORCH-- T*R* # epenthetic vowel, dorcha root only DHEARF Y*R* # epenthetic vowel,init only, no dash=>FAÍ except DEARF T*R* # epenthetic vowel,initial only (nd- done b4) DHEIRF- Y*R* # epenthetic vowel, initial only DEIRF- T*R* # epenthetic vowel, (leas)?deirf* only DHOIL(BF)- K*L* # epenthetic,see LBH--,initial only,dhoil(fe|bh)* DOIL(BF)- T*L* # epenthetic, see LBH--, " " (nd- done b4) DHIFEAR Y*V*R # exception to FEAR$, ^dhifear$ only DIFEAR T*V*R # exception to FEAR$, ^difear$ only (nd- b4) DH$ _ # [aáu]dh+most [io]dh done b4,[eéíóú]dh done here DH(AÁOÓUÚ)- K # athdhúchas, buídhonn, comhdháil, etc. DH(EÉIÍ)- Y # athdhéan, caordhearg, cinedheighilt, etc. DHL(AUÚ)-- K # comhdhlúthaigh, ^dhl- only DHL(EIÍ)-- Y # (mí|neamh)dhl(istean|eath|íthiú), ^dhl only DHR(AÁOÓUÚ)-- K # *dhroim,marbhdhra*,*dhr[áu]ma, ^dhr only DHR(ÉEIÍ)-- Y # *dhreach,feirdhris,*dhréacht,*dhreasacht,^dhr D T # note eclipsis of T via collapsing EAFAR--$ *V # geafar, meafar only, FAR$ exception EOFAR--$ * # silent verb ending, exception to OFAR$ except! EILBH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel, see LBH-- exception below EIDH(EI)- * # augments IDH rule,eidheann,teidheach,meidhir,etc EOMH(FT)--- * # leomh[ft]- only, exception to -omh rule E * ÉARBH-- *R # epenthetic exception, géarbh- only ÉARM- *R # epenthetic exception, éarmh+ téarma root only ÉARG- *R # epenthetic exception, éargh+(lán)?léargas only ÉIRG- *R # epenthetic exception, éirgh+ ailléirge only ÉIRBH-- *R # epenthetic except. léirbhreith*, spéirbhean only ÉALBH-- *L # béalbhach only, exception to ALBH ÉAFÁ *V* # éafá only, exception to FÁ$ É * FHAIRCH-- *R* # epenthetic vowel, fhairch* only FAIRCH-- V*R* # epenthetic vowel, (bh)?fairch* only FHOIRF- *R* # epenthetic vowel, foirfe root only FOIRF- V*R* # epenthetic vowel, initial (bh)?foirf* only FHONNMH-- *N* # epenthetic vowel, see NMH--, fhonnmhai?r* only FONNMH-- V*N* # " " " ", (bh)?fonnmhai?r* only FHOILMH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, fhoilmhe only FOILMH-- V*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, (bh)?foilmhe only FHOLMH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, fholmh* only FOLMH-- V*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, (bh)?folmh* only FEADH^$ V* # exception to verb ending below, eclipsis by luck FEAR^$ V*R # " " " " " " " " FINN^$ V*N # " " " " " " " " FEÁ^$ V* # " " " " " " " " FAÍ^$ V* # " " " " " " " " FÍ^$ V* # " " " " " " " " FAIDH----$ _ # silent 'f' in verb ending FADH---$ _ # " " " " " FIDH---$ _ # " " " " " FEADH----$ _ # " " " " " FEAR---$ _ # " " " " " FAR--$ _ # " " " " " FINN---$ _ # " " " " " FAINN----$ _ # " " " " " FÁ-$ _ # " " " " " FEÁ--$ _ # " " " " " FAÍ--$ _ # " " " " " FÍ-$ _ # " " " " " FAIMI(DS)-----$ _ # " " " " " (no exceptions) FIMI(DS)----$ _ # " " " " " (no exceptions) FAIDÍS-----$ _ # " " " " " (no exceptions) FIDÍS----$ _ # " " " " " (no exceptions) FH _ # always silent F V GHAINMH-- K*N* # epenthetic vowel,see NMH--,^ghainmh* only GAINMH-- K*N* # epenthetic vowel,see NMH--,^gainmh* only, ng- b4 GHEALLMH-- Y*L* # epenthetic vowel,see LMH--,gheallmhar only GEALLMH-- K*L* # epenthetic vowel,see LMH--,geallmhar only GLAFADH KL*V* # exception to FADH$, not glafarnach GHLAFADH KL*V* # exception to FADH$ GLAFAIDH KL*V* # exception to FAIDH$, not glafaire GHLAFAIDH KL*V* # exception to FAIDH$ GH$ _ # [aióu]gh,most ogh done b4,[eáéíú]gh all terminal GH(AÁOÓUÚ)- K # bobghaiste, deoirghás, soghonta, etc. GH(EÉIÍ)- Y # athghin, luasghéaraigh, etc. GHL(AÁOÓUÚ)-- K # ardghlórach, folúsghlantóir, etc. GHL(EÉI)-- Y # comhghléas, comhghleacaí, scoiltghleann, etc. GHR(AÁOÓUÚ)-- K # tírghrá, grianghraf, aoisghrúpa, etc. GHR(EÉIÍ)-- Y # idirghréasán, breithghreamannach, etc. GHN(AÁOÓUÚ)-- K # deasghnáth, neamhghnách, etc. GHN(EÉIÍ)-- Y # leorgníomh, aonghnéitheach, etc. G K # note eclipsis of C via collapsing H H # between vowels+Faranhaít,forhalla,etc. IARG- *R # epenthetic exception, iargúil, tiargáil, etc. IARBH-- *R # iarbháis, giarbhosca, etc. epenth. exception IDIRBH-- *T*R # idirbheart, idirbhliain, etc., exception to IRBH IRBHRÚ---- *R # muirbhrúcht* only, exception to IRBH-- IRBHU--- *R # eochairbhuille,litirbhuama only, except. to next IRBH-- *R* # *seirbhís, tairbh*, toirbh*, etc. epenthetic IFÍ-$ *V # exception to FÍ$, ÉIFÍ$ done before INMHE(AÁ)---- *N # exception to next,ainmheasartha,inmheabhrú, etc. INMHE--- *N* # epenthetic vowel, inmhe$ only by previous INNMH-- *N* # epenthetic vowel, fuinnmh-, coinnmhe only IONMHAG---- *N # exception to next, mionmhagadh only IONMHA--- *N* # epenthetic vowel, cionmhar only, see NMH-- ITHFH(AEIOUÁÉÍÓÚ)--- *H # cithfholc*,crithfhuacht,frith* only- see next ITH(BCDFGLMNPRST)- * # aithris, frith*, etc. exception to TH->H IDH(BCDFGLMNPRST)- * # feidhm, traidhfil, oidhre, etc. IGH(CDEFILNRST)- * # foighne,caighdeán,oighrigh,oighear,feighil,etc. I * ÍORM- *R # epenthetic exception, díorma, fíor- only ÍOMH(BCDFGLMNPRST)--- * # (pr|r|l|sn|gn)íomh- only, exceptions to omh- ÍTHS- * # clíthseach only (no excp. for díthreabh, etc.) Í * J T # initial j, diosc-jacaí only; bit like slender d K K # karaté only LEANBH-- L*N* # epenthetic vowel, (ucht)?leanbh(aois)?,see NBH-- LINBH-- L*N* # epenthetic vowel, (ucht)?linbh only, see NBH-- LMH-- L # feallmharú, etc., epenth. exception LBH-- L # uaillbhreas, etc., epenth. exception LGH-- L # timpeallghearr, etc., epenth. exception L(BGM)- L* # epenthetic vowel, see also ULCH-- L L MORFAÍ--$ M*RV # exception to silent FAÍ$ MBANBH^$ M*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH--, not -arún MBAINBH^$ M*N*V # epenthetic vowel, see NBH-- MB^ M # eclipsis MHARF- V*R* # epenthetic vowel MARF- M*R* # epenthetic vowel, initial only MHODH V* # ODH exception, usually initial MODH M* # " " , " " MH V # includes mh$,/w/,/v/ + see UMH M M NAFAÍ-- N*V # exception to FAÍ$, snafaí only NNARB- N*R # exception to RB epenthetic, ionnarb* only NNEALBH-- N*L # exception to ALBH epenthetic, coinnealbhá only NDORCH-- N*R* # epenthetic vowel, see DORCH-- NDEARF- N*R* # epenthetic vowel, see DEARF- NDEIRF- N*R* # epenthetic vowel, see DEIRF- NDOIL(BF)- N*L* # epenthetic vowel, see DOIL(BF)- NDIFEAR N*V*R # exception to FEAR$, ^ndifear$ only NGAINMH-- N*N* # epenthetic vowel, see GAINMH-- NGEALLMH-- N*L* # epenthetic vowel, see GEALLMH- NGLAFADH NL*V* # exception to FADH$, ^nglafadh$ only NGLAFAIDH NL*V* # exception to FAIDH$, ^nglafaidh$ only NCHA(ÍS)---- N* # epenthetic vowel, *sh?eancha(ís)*,ionchas only NCHAIRD------ N # exception to next, daonchaird* only NCHAI(RS)----- N* # epenth. tionchair*, ionchais, *sh?eanchai*, etc. NCHAITHE------- N* # " " , sh?eanchaithe, not seanchaite N(DG)^ N # eclipsis NMH-- N # exception to N(BM)-, pianmhar, onnmhaire, etc. NBH-- N # " " ", aonbheannach, bunbhrat, etc. N(BM)- N* # epenthetic vowel, binb, ainm, etc. N N OFAR--$ *V # exception to FAR$, EOFAR done b4 OIRCH-- *R* # epenthetic vowel, t?oirch* only OCALBH-- *K*L # exception to ALBH - focalbhá* only ORBHÁ--- *R* # epenthetic vowel, forbhás only ONNCHA--- *N* # epenthetic vowel fionncha, Donncha only OMHARB- *R # exception to epenth. R(BFGM)-, comharba* only OMH(BCDFGLMNPRST)- * # comh-, Domhnach, etc. (several excpts b4 this) OTH(BCDGLMNPRS)- * # cothrom, baothchaint, gaothscáth, etc. ODHAO---- * # fodhao* only, exception to next ODH(ACLNR)- * # bodhrán,modhnaigh,todhchaí,fodhla,bodhar etc. OGHRÚP----- * # foghrúpa, this and next few are OGH->* excepts. OGHLUA----- * # so/doghluaiste* only OGHAF---- * # doghafa only OGH(AÁBCDFGLMNPRST)- * # ogham, foghlaim, boghdóir, toghchán, etc. O * ÓR(GM)- *R # epenthetic exception, (for)?th?órmach, órga,etc. ÓGH * # ógha?$ only Ó * PH V # OK P B QU KV # ^quinín$, ^quarto$ only RANFAÍ-- R*NV # exception to silent FAÍ$, -chuaranfaí only RAFAÍ-- R*V # exception to silent FAÍ$, all *graf- RRBHA--- R* # epenthetic vowel, cearrbh* only, no carrbhuama REALMH-- R*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, trealmh* only RÍFEAR^$ R*V*R # exception to FEAR$, not athrífear! ROMH(FT)--- R* # promh[ft]- only, exception to -omh rule RFEAN---- R* # epenthetic vowel, (be|se|ga)irfean only RFIN---$ R* # epenthetic vowel, same words as previous RBH-- R # cíorbhuí, aerbhrat, etc., epenth. exception RMH-- R # iarmhar, léirmheas, etc., epenth. exception RGH-- R # daorghalar, etc., epenth. exception RBO-- R # cosarbolg only, epenth. exception R(BGM)- R* # epenthetic vowel R R SHORCH-- H*R* # epenthetic vowel, sorcha root only SORCH-- S*R* # epenthetic vowel, sorcha root only SHOILBH-- H*L* # epenthetic, see LBH-- SOILBH-- S*L* # epenthetic, see LBH-- SH H # OK S S TALMH-- T*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, talmhaigh only THALMH-- H*L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH--, " " TINF(EI)- T*NV # exception to F(EA|I)DH$, d?tinf(ea|i)dh only THINF(EI)- H*NV # exception to F(EA|I)DH$, thinf(ea|i)dh only TAFA- T*V # exception to FAINN$, d?tafainn only THAFA- H*V # exception to FAINN$, thafainn only TSORCH-- T*R* # epenthetic vowel, see SORCH-- TSOILBH-- T*L* # epenthetic vowel, see SOILBH-- TS^ T # prefix-t TH$ _ # no exceptions TH H T T UFA(ÍR)--$ *V # exception to FAR$, brufar/[cr]ufaí only UARG- *R # epenthetic exception, fuarga*, tuargain only UAIRG- *R # epenthetic exception, tuairgn* only UARBH-- *R # epenthetic exception, fuarbh*, cuarbh* only UALGA-- *L # epenthetic exception, dualgas only ULLMH-- *L* # epenthetic vowel, see LMH-- UMH * # cumhacht, umhlaíocht, ciumhais, except. to MH->V UTH(BCDGLMNPR)- * # sruth*, guthphost only, TH->H exception ULCH-- *L* # epenth. vowel,ulcha,[tm]ulchán,amhulchach only URCH(AÓ)--- *R* # epenthetic vowel, urchar, urchall, urchóid, etc. UDH * # mudh* only (literary) UGH * # brugh* only (literary) U * ÚIRG- *R # epenthetic exception, liotúirg* only, see RG ÚTH(BCDFLPR)- * # lúthchleasa, dúthracht, etc. - TH->H exception Ú * V V W V # wigwam only X(AEÉIÍ)-^ S # xileafón, etc. X^ *KS # x-gha* only X KS # Marxach only Y Y # yóyó only Z S # zú, puzal, etc. ############################################################################# # # Summary: # There are about 40 rules above for the basic, unambiguous sounds of Irish. # The majority of the others are for dealing with three special situations: # # (1) silent vs. non-silent DH,GH,MH,TH (50+ rules) # (2) silent 'f' in verb endings (about 50 rules) # (3) epenthetic vowels (120+ rules) # # Each rule should be adequately commented above. # ############################################################################# # Encoded sounds ----> Allowable characters # (notation from Foclóir Póca) in translated string ############################################################################# # /b/,/b'/,/p/,/p'/ B # /h/ H # /k/,/k'/,/g/,/g'/,/gamma/,/x/,/x'/ K # /l/,/l'/ L # /m/,/m'/ M # /n/,/n'/ N # /r/,/r'/ R # /s/,/s'/,/z/,/z'/ S # /d/,/d'/,/t/,/t'/,/d'z'/ T # /f/,/f'/,/v/,/v'/,/w/ V # /gamma'/ Y # /eta/ NK # all strings of vowel sounds * ############################################################################# # Useful references: # (1) Foclóir Póca, An Gúm, 1986 # (2) Learning Irish, M. Ó Siadhail, 1988, pp. 221-230 #############################################################################